Spontaneous physical activity is an excellent candidate, but our understanding of the brain mechanisms driving SPA is incomplete. New treatments to target exercise-independent aspects of achieving and maintaining a healthy weight are greatly needed. Exercise is a necessary part of a healthy lifestyle but many people cannot or do not exercise. The energy expended by SPA is termed “nonexercise activity thermogenesis” or NEAT. In humans, SPA includes time spent standing and ambulating, but not voluntary exercise. The drive for physical activity is operationally defined as spontaneous physical activity (SPA). There is wide variation between individuals in their drive to be physically active. For example, it can prevent obesity and reduce age-associated cognitive decline. Physical activity can improve overall health. Introduction: Physical Activity and the Orexin Neuropeptide System This review is organized around three questions: (1) How do orexin peptides modulate physical activity? (2) What are the effects of aging and lifestyle choices on physical activity? (3) What are the effects of aging on hypothalamic function and the orexin peptides? Discussion of these questions will provide a summary of the current state of knowledge regarding hypothalamic orexin regulation of physical activity during aging and provide a platform on which to develop improved clinical outcomes in age-associated obesity and metabolic syndromes. Orexin producing neurons integrate physiological and metabolic information to coordinate multiple behavioral states and modulate physical activity in response to the environment. The hypothalamus plays a central role in the control of physical activity, which is executed through coordination of multiple signaling systems, including the orexin neuropeptides. Regulation of spontaneous and voluntary movement is distributed over many brain areas and neural substrates, but the specific cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for mediating overall activity levels are not well understood. Physical activity spans from spontaneous, low intensity movements to voluntary, high-intensity exercise. There is a rising medical need for novel therapeutic targets of physical activity. 4Department of Food Science and Nutrition, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN, USA.
3GRECC (11G), Minneapolis VA Healthcare System, Minneapolis, MN, USA.2CIMIS, Escuela de Nutricion y Dietetica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago, Chile.1Graduate Program in Neuroscience, School of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA.Zink 1, Claudio Esteban Perez-Leighton 2 and Catherine M.
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